Essay on Cloud Computing

Essay on Cloud Computing Abstract This paper explores cloud computing and its merits and de-merits which may help an organization in taking a wise decision either in favor of it or against it. Cloud computing is the buzz word now in the field of information technology. It is the concept of where an organization has its data and application hosted on a third party infrastructure. Sometimes the applications are designed and developed by the service provider and the company using it uses that application against its own data. There are several factors for deciding in favor of it as well as several factors that raise strong questions for its acceptance. It is totally based on the need of the organization, whether it leverages cloud computing or not. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing is Internet-based utility computing, basically shared resources, software and information that are used by end-users hosted on virtual servers. Some people term anything beyond a companies or users personal firewall to be in cloud (Knorr, Gruman, n.d., para. 2).Personal computing has evolved in three phases. The first phase was where the data and application was stored on a local desktop. The second phase is where the applications reside on a local server and utility software on the desktop along with the internet to provide valuable information. The third phase is where most of the data and software will reside somewhere on the internet. This phase is identified as cloud computing. Although more than 80% of world-wide computational data is being predicted to move into clouds in the next five to ten years, there are a number of unanswered questions which will decide the speed of development in this arena (Nelson, 2009, para. 1). It is a new concept in the field of inf ormation technology still trying to get acceptance, where-in the technological services/ applications are provided by a third-party. Cloud Computing Nomenclature From the days when use of internet started becoming popular, the network architecture diagrams show internet as cloud to hide the complexities from the end-user hence the name cloud computing. The applications/ software are provided as services which reside in data centers with server farms and redundant storage. End-users can access them via web browsers in laptops or hand-held devices. Google Apps, Facebook and salesforce.com are examples of cloud computing which are becoming very popular especially with the younger generations. A very basic example of cloud computing is a web-based email service like Gmail where the complexity of storage and presentation of user data is provided by a third party, and users are leveraging them by means of web browsers(Nelson, 2009, para. 12). Benefits of Cloud Computing Cloud Computing is a totally different paradigm of personal as well as corporate computing which drifts away from the traditional software business model. There are several positive factors for deciding in favor of moving to cloud computing. Some of the important favorable factors are discussed below. Entry cost for a business to set itself up in cloud is much less compared to traditional setup. Cost for running Information Technology (IT) business in cloud world can be visualized as operational cost. Organizations no longer need to shell out big amounts for hardware and software upgrades (Cunningham Wilkins, 2009, p. 3). They no longer need to worry about end of life for hardware/ software. Companies no longer need to spend huge amounts on buying new hardware for scalability. In short, infrastructure costs to get in to cloud are much lower than that for the traditional model. Pricing is generally based on usage options. Organizations do not need to maintain a workforce of IT people and can focus on strengthening their business domain knowledge. Organizations can use only applications which are suited for their need and not pay huge amounts on licenses for using a software suite. Most of the time buying a software suite is of lesser worth from the business perspective as only few features of the suite are really used and the cost associated with upgrades and licenses are expensive. With canned applications in cloud, business can decide and pay for only the applications that they need. Using virtualization as the main technology, additional computing resources can be added dynamically without having any downtime. By monitoring peak load and server usage, an application can be dynamically switched over to a virtual machine with greater computing speed or the current virtual machine can be augmented with more computing resources (Zhong, Wo, Li Li, 2010, p. 2). The organization using the application does not need to pay extra for the scalability feature. In virtualization, high performance servers are split into multiple machin es catering to different customers. Some of the popular products are VMware and XEN. With the infrastructure being located in multiple data centers and huge server farms, users can be productive anytime from anywhere in the world using web-browsers in laptops, desktops or hand-held devices. Business executives travelling to client locations need not carry hard copies and everything with them, as with a simple click of the mouse they can reach the information gateway. With infrastructure being maintained at multiple redundant sites, it gives more confidence to business organizations in regard to business continuity and disaster recovery. Nowadays in the industry, one of the buzz words is collaboration. Tools like sharepoint are becoming very popular where multiple people can work on the same document and access them without having to store the document locally and work on it and send it via email for edits by other users. With web 2.0 where everything is going to be on the internet, collaboration will be very easy and simple (Cunningham Wilkins, 2009, p. 4). Since the infrastructure for cloud computing is centralized and the client is a thin client like a web-browser or a WAP browser, the upgrade and maintenance of the system is much easier compared to the system where we require a desktop client connecting to a server where each client desktop needs to be upgraded when the server version is getting upgraded (Cunningham Wilkins, 2009, p. 3). Concerns with Cloud Computing As there is darkness after light similarly with the benefits discussed in the earlier sections there are a few concerns floating around with the acceptance and utilization of cloud computing. With the applications provided as service and being used by different customers, personalization seems to be one limitation. The characteristics are similar to a COTS product but if proper negotiations are made, product-based companies most of the time do allow customization. There is a serious concern with data being centralized and out of business control. Sensitive data will now be under the control of a third-party and according to some experts this is a compliance issue and some feel that this is probably going to be the end of confidential records management (Cunningham Wilkins, 2009, p. 7). When it comes to the disclosure policies, some people do not know where to draw the line and knowingly or unknowingly share vital information and with data out on the third-party space that concern be comes even more critical. With everything accessible through internet, business will be totally dependent on the network and the service providers infrastructure. Business will come to a halt if the network/ internet are down. As illustrated by Patrick Cunningham in his article (2009), currently in the IT world when we need to troubleshoot an issue, one advantage in our favor is that the application logs and the database are within the premises of the enterprise. With the shift to cloud, this aspect will be lost and thus special support or contract binding needs will be there between the service provider and the business for e-discovery. With business sensitive internal data being maintained by the vendor the dependency on the vendors unique API and proprietary interfaces could create a possible lock-in with the vendor. If under some circumstance the business is dissatisfied with the vendor, moving to a new vendor means data needs to be reformatted and converted which can be time co nsuming and expensive (Brandel, 2009, p.1). Return on Investment By moving to cloud computing companies can save huge amount of money. As illustrated by Raichura (2009), in couple of online articles please find below charts showing examples of savings that an organization can achieve by moving to the cloud. The first table illustrates the difference in cost of having infrastructure on premises versus having it in the cloud. The second table illustrates the cost saving considering storage, service, infrastructure and platform in the cloud. Conclusion After having discussed the merits and de-merits it clearly stands out that there is no one clear answer in favor or against of cloud computing. So far it seems that is going to be a hybrid solution from the corporate standpoint. Some critical, business sensitive applications will continue with the traditional business model till the concerns about privacy and legal matters are cleared from cloud computing whereas simple canned applications will become more and more popular in the cloud space. The concept and technology is here to stay but it still in its infancy and there is a long road ahead to get to maturity. References: Brandel,M.(2009).The Trouble with Cloud Vendor Lock in. Retrieved from http://www.cio.com/article/488478/The_Trouble_with_Cloud_Vendor_Lock_in Cunningham, P. Wilkins, J. (2009). A Walk in the Cloud. Information Management (15352897), 43(1), 22-30. Retrieved from Computers Applied Sciences Complete database. Erdogmus, H, (2009). Cloud Computing:Does Nirvana Hide behind the Nebula? Knorr, E. Gruman, G. (n.d). What cloud computing really means. Retrieved from http://www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031 Nelson, M. (2009). The Cloud, the Crowd, and Public Policy. Issues in Science Technology, 25(4), 71-76. Retrieved from Computers Applied Sciences Complete database. Raichura, B.J. (2009). The cloud ROI Framework. Retrieved from http://www.infosysblogs.com/cloudcomputing/2009/06/the_cloud_roi_framework.html Raichura, B.J. (2009). The Economics of cloud computing. Retrieved from http://www.infosysblogs.com/cloudcomputing/2009/06/the_economics_of_cloud_computi.html Zhong, L., Wo,T, Li, J. Li,B. (2010). A Virtualization-based SaaS Enabling Architecture for Cloud Computing.2010 Sixth International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems. pp.144-149.

Augustus of Primaporta Analysis

The statute Augustus of Primaporta depicts the Roman emperor Octavian, son and heir of Julius Caesar and defeater of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Created circa 20 C.E., and found in the home of Octavian’s wife Livia at Primaporta, this marble statue today stands in the Musei Vaticani in Rome (Janson 2007b 191).Measuring 6 feet 8 inches in height, and perhaps a copy of a bronze from around 20 BCE, the Augustus of Primaporta depicts Octavian as an â€Å"ageless youth,† as did all statues of Octavian until his death in his late seventies (Janson 2007b 191). Based on the bronze Doryphoros (â€Å"spear bearer†) by Polykleitos, which depicts a perfectly harmonious and balanced male athletic body in contrapposto (hips tilted such that one leg seems to be moving while the other stands still) supported by a tree stump, the Augustus of Primaporta presents Octavian Augustus in a heroic, idealized contrapposto form (Janson 2007a 121).Smooth-faced Octavian is shown in this stat ue wearing battle armor, with his arm raised â€Å"in a gesture of address† in order to signify his claim to authority (Janson 2007b 192).This orator’s gesture had been adapted from another historical statue, the first century BCE Aulus Metellus, a bronze statue depicting an orator that today can be seen in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Florence (Stokstad 197). Next to his right ankle, a small Cupid (also known as Eros, the son of Venus) can be seen playing with a dolphin. This cupid is not merely decorative, but rather serves as a â€Å"strut† to strengthen the statue (Janson 2007b 192).The statute contains many symbolic references to Octavian Augustus’s claims to power. His divine claims to power are represented through several visual references. To begin with, like the Egyptians and Greeks before him, and many Roman emperors after, Augustus’ statue represents him as being â€Å"enveloped in an air of divinity† (Janson 2007a 121).The statue’s generally godlike appearance is augmented by Octavian’s bare feet, which are the mark of a god, and the Cupid, which represents the descent of the Julian family (of which Augustus was part) from Venus through Aeneas, his Trojan ancestor (Janson 2007b 192). His earthly claims to power are displayed through references to his military and diplomatic victories.The dolphin represents his earthly claim to power by evoking the sea at Actium where Octavian Augustus defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra and ended 100 years of civil war in the Roman Republic (Janson 2007b 192, Lodge 1).Augustus’ breastplate, which depicts an allegory in which either Tiberius or the god Mars accepting Roman standards from a Parthian soldier, recalls his diplomatic victory over the Parthians in 20 BCE, when he was able to negotiate the return of some Roman legionary standards that had been captured in 53 and 36 BCE (Janson 2007a 122). Finally, his orator’s pose symbolizes his ability to rule by reason and persuasion, rather than through force (Stokstad 198).The Augustus of Primaporta was a part of the Augustan period, a new Roman idealist movement that was â€Å"grounded in the appearance of the everyday world† (Stokstad 197, Honour 198). This type of sculpture assimilates the traditions of ancient Greece with more modern Roman references. This statue, a good representation of the movement, has been described as a â€Å"sophisticated combination of Greek idealism and Roman individuality,† which came together to form â€Å"a new Augustan ideal† (Stokstad 197).The godlike idealized body of Augustus, with its perfect Greek athletic figure, its tight cap of layered curls, its prominent brow and nose, and its contrapposto pose, is combined with realistic portraiture in the head so that Augustus’ features are clearly distinguishable (Stokstad 197, Lodge 4).This type of Roman idealist sculpture was frequently used as imperial politic al propaganda. The references to divine and earthly claims to power and the posture and beauty of the statue, combined with the distinctive portraiture, stand for the proposition that the individual Octavian Augustus was a noble and powerful ruler.The visual imagery of the statues of this time, such as the Augustus of Primaporta, was key in creating a â€Å"new mythology† of the imperial line (Lodge 2). This statue solidified and paid homage to Augustus’ claim to authority by depicting his many claims to rule. Later statues of Roman emperors would draw on the Augustus of Primaporta as propaganda to tie them closer to the Julian line (Lodge 3).Another example of the Augustan style, which similarly shows Augustus in a particular light for propagandistic purposes is the Via Labicana Augustus, which originally dates from 20 BCE, and a copy of which can be found in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme at the National Museum in Rome (Lodge 2).This sculpture shows Octavian Augustus —again with distinguishable features on the head—dressed as pontifex maximus, the highest priest in the ancient roman religion. Showing Augustus as an idealized religious figure spoke of him as a virtuous and pious citizen of Rome, and a conserver of traditional Roman values, which conveyed another type of authority in addition to the more military and diplomatic authority portrayed in the Augustus of Primaporta (Lodge 7).The image in the Via Labicana Augustus, when combined with that of the Augustus of Primaporta, shows an imperial figure who ruled justly, piously, and well, and with the support of both heaven and earth.Works CitedHonour, Hugh & John Fleming. A World History of Art. London: Lawrence King Publishing, Ltd., 2005. 196-199.Janson, Anthony F. & H.W. Janson, A Short History of Art. 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007a. 121-122.Janson, Anthony F. Janson’s History of Art. 7th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2007b. 191-193.Lodge, Nancy. â€Å"Images of Roman Power: Roman Imperial Sculpture.† 1-7. available at http://www4.vjc.edu/gems/NancyLodge/ArtasPropaganda.pdf.Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2005. 197-198.

Holes Book Review: Themes Within the Novel Essay

Twist of fate play major roles in the lives of the main characters in Holes. In â€Å"Holes†, the whole story is based around Stanley’s situation in the present and it’s connection to the past. Stanley’s bad luck is the result of his â€Å" No good rotten-pig- stealing-great-great-grandfather,† who failed to fulfill his promise of carrying Madame Zeroni up the mountain where the stream runs uphill. His situation at Camp Green Lake was connected to the history of ‘Kissin’ Kate Barlow, a schoolteacher turned bandit who robbed his great-grandfather and buried her treasure somewhere on the lake. The boys are forced to dig holes because of this and the person overseeing them is the Warden, who is the granddaughter of Mr. Charles Walker who was, in a way, responsible for Kate Barlow’s death. Stanley meeting Zero, Zero turning out to be Madame Zeroni’s great-great-great-grandson and Stanley helping to carry him up God’s thumb was not a coincidence, but it was fate that brought them together so they could complete the cycle and end Stanley’s curse. Fate has the power to alter lives and change them into a game of chance. The actions of one’s past may affect the situation of one’s future and therefore I agree that fate had played a major role in the novel. In the story, one of the themes are to always respect ones promises and to fulfill them or you had to face the consequences. This is shown when Elya Yelnats does not fulfill his promise to Madame Zeroni and soon after, pays the price. In the novel, Madame Zeroni warns Elya â€Å" That if he failed to do so, he would be cursed for eternity.† And at the time â€Å"†¦he thought nothing of the curse and as a boy he was carefree.† This shows that all people should fulfill their promises so we do not suffer the consequences. This positions the readers to feel sorry for Stanley because the actions of his great-great-grandfather has affected Stanley’s life even if he has done nothing. Stanley’s destiny is explained throughout the novel, because there are many clues, which point towards his destiny and the situations, which lead to the present. When Zero tells Stanley that his named was Hector Zeroni or how his great grandfather found refuge under God’s thumb and it’s relation to the mountains at Camp Green Lake because they provide a connection to Stanley’s past and destiny. This explains the situation to the reader and provides insight to the storyline. Fate plays a major part in the story because it intertwines both the past and the present, giving a connection between Stanley and his great-great-grandfather. This is shown throughout the story because all the problems Stanley faces in the present situation is caused by certain situations which his family was connected to by fate. For example, such scenes like Stanley Yelnats the 1st was robbed by Kate Barlow and her treasure being his suitcase, which Stanley digs up in the end of the book. This shown that the events of ones past may affect ones future. This positions the readers to feel pity for Stanley because he does not know the bigger picture happening to him. Friendship plays a key role in Stanley’s fate as he becomes friends with Zero during his stay at Camp Green Lake and this disrupts X-ray’s sense of superiority and threatens his position of power at camp. The friendship is beneficial for Stanley at the start and the end of the novel because by becoming friends and carrying him up the mountain, Stanley finally breaks his families curse. Stanley carrying Zero up the mountain shows us the true meaning of friendship. This positions the reader to connect to the characters at a human level. In the novel, the story tells us the importance of keeping a promise, having a strong friendship, of destiny and it’s connection to the past and that fate always plays a major role in any situation. Nothing is ever a coincidence and all the events in the novel are linked to Stanley’s history, which affected his present situation. All this could have been avoided if Elya Yelnats have had more common sense and if he had been more mature.

Coucher - to put to bed - French Verb Conjugations

Sustainable Development For Future Generations Essay

Sustainable development is the meeting of â€Å"the needs of today without compromising the needs of future generations†¦by conserving the environment, and using resources efficiently† (Environment Canada, 2016). Essentially this development ensures the preservation of humanity. Currently our world is faced with a giant crisis: how to properly manage and compromise with the imminent disintegration of our fossil fuel supply. The price of a barrel of oil currently runs at about â€Å"50 dollars a barrel† (Oil Price, 2016). This number is expected to exceed past â€Å"1000 dollars a barrel in 2054† (Oil Price, 2016). From this it is apparent to see how it is necessary for humanity to employ other uses of energy to be sustainable. To have sustainable development for future generations efforts need to be directed toward the implementation of wind energy, solar energy, and better waste management in our daily lives. For energy to be sustainable it must exist within a certain set of criteria. 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Gambling Research Paper - 1427 Words

â€Å"I play blackjack. I’m not addicted to gambling, I’m addicted to sitting in a semi-circle.† by Mitch Hedberg. Are you a tax payer? Do you believe you pay too much in taxes? Well the amount of money that casinos and gambling bring into a state in taxes is a phenomenal amount. This could possible help lower your taxes and save you money. First, we are going to discuss what I believe to be the problem. Then, I would like to share with you what I think is the cause. Finally, I am going to inform you about the solution to legalizing gambling in the state of Nebraska. First, I would like to start with gambling not being legal in the state of Nebraska. Nebraska has the Powerball, keno, pick 5, scratch off tickets, and many other forms of†¦show more content†¦Like people making an argument for guns always say, is it the gun or the person? So, what I’m asking is it the deck of cards, slot machine that is the issue or is it the person? Thousands of peo ple each and every year lose everything they have because of their addiction to gambling (Doeden 1-160). What if I told you legalizing gambling could bring in billions of dollars to help support the education system in the state? The state of New York brings in billions of dollars in taxes from gambling. Thirty percent of that money goes back to support the education in the state of New York. That comes out to roughly two billion dollars. Which is about five percent of the money that funds the education system in New York (Doeden 1-160). TV shows and newspapers feature shows and articles about lottery winners and how it has changed their life. What most of these articles and shows don’t say or show is how it has also damaged many of their lives. For a small percentage of players they get an urge and become addicted to gambling. People against gambling believe that it takes advantage of the poor and weak. 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Aristotle on Rhetoric Essay Example For Students

Aristotle on Rhetoric Essay Aristotle (384-322 B. C. ) was a Greek philosopher, educator, and scientist. He was able to combine the thoughts of Socrates and Plato to create his own ideas and definition of rhetoric. He wrote influential works such as Rhetoric and Organon, which presented these new ideas and theories on rhetoric. Much of what is Western thought today evolved from Aristotles theories and experiments on rhetoric. Aristotle was born in 384 B. C. , in Northern Greece. His father was a physician to the king of Macedonia, Amyntas II. Amyntas II was the grandfather of Alexander the Great. When Aristotle was still a boy, both of his parents died; so he was raised by a guardian named Proxenus. At the age of seventeen, he went to Athens to attend Platos school, the Academy. Aristotle stayed at the Academy for twenty years as a student, a research assistant, a lecturer, and a research scientist. After Plato died, he moved and lived with Hermeias, a former pupil of Plato. During his three year stay, Aristotle married princess Pithias, Hermeiass daughter. The couple had two children: a son named Nicomachus and a daughter. In 342 B. C. Aristotle was invited to educate Alexander by Philip of Macedon. He taught Alexander until King Philip was assassinated, then Alexander became ruler. In 335 B. C. , he left Macedonia and returned to Athens to found a school named Lyceum. Twelve years later, when Alexander died, the Athenians charged Aristotle with impiety because they resented his relationship with Alexander and other influential Macedonians. Aristotle said that he would not let the Athenians sin twice against philosophy (Soll, 663), so he fled to Chalcis. One year later he died at the age of sixty-two. Aristotles Writings and Philosophies Aristotles writings can be categorized into three groups: popular writings, memoranda, and the treatises. His popular writings were written for a general audience and modeled after Platos dialogues. The memoranda is a collection of research materials and historical records. Most of the writings from these two groups have been lost. The third group, the treatises, was written for his classes, to teach his students. They were either lecture notes or textbooks. These treatises were made only for the students and are the only writings that still survive today. Aristotles early writings showed his admiration for Plato by imitating Platos style. He wrote in dialogue form and his themes were variations of themes that Plato had developed. Later on, his writings strayed from Platonistic views and they compared concrete fact to the abstract and often clashed with the views of Plato. Two of his most important writings concerning rhetoric are Organon and Rhetoric. Organon was a collection of papers that included the Categories, the Prior and Posterior Analytics, the Topics, and On Interpretation. The word organon means instrument. In these papers Aristotle investigates thought, which is the instrument of knowledge. Rhetoric was written sometime between 360 and 334 B. C. In this work, he writes about the art of public speaking. It seems that he is writing in direct response to Platos condemnation of the art. He believes that different rhetoric treats specific cases. These specific cases are topoi, which are different topics that can be persuaded. In Book two of Rhetoric, he lists the twenty-eight common topics, or topoi. He also addresses style, diction, metaphor, and arrangement, but he basically ignores the other canons of rhetoric. This work was the first psychological rhetoric ever presented. The theory of the syllogism was first introduced by Aristotle. He was the first to analyze an argument in a logical order. The generic syllogism is if A belongs to all B, and B belongs to all C, then A belongs to all C. A syllogism can either be dialectical or rhetorical. Dialectical syllogisms are always true. Rhetorical syllogisms are probably true, but not always true. The rhetorical syllogism is also called an enthymeme. An enthymeme is a statement that transfers attitudes the audience already holds to the case at hand: it is like a syllogism, except that its result is not new knowledge, but action (Brumbaugh, 187). The enthymeme has a missing part that must be filled in by the audience. Syllogism and enthymeme are very closely related. Another concept, pisteis, was developed by Aristotle. Pisteis is divided into three sections: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos is the credibility of the rhetor. Pathos is the emotions of the audience. Aristotle wrote about the different emotions to use on specific groups of people, in order to persuade them of some idea. Logos is the power of reasoning shared by the rhetor and the audience. All three are intertwined, even though they are categorized separately. Aristotle had his own beliefs on rhetoric. He believed that is not to persuade but to see the available means of persuasion in each case (Covino, 3). Aristotle studied the art of argument and developed an optimistic view. Ashcan School EssayAlthough his views often clashed with those of his student, Plato continued to support Aristotle and encouraged him to promote his own theories of formal logic and rhetoric. These new ideas were expressed in his two most famous works, Organon and Rhetoric. The Organon, or instrument, was a collection of papers that included the Categories, Prior and Posterior Analytics, the Topics, and On Interpretation. In these, Aristotle introduced formal logic which he described as the instrument of knowledge. The Rhetoric was written between 360 B. C. and 334 B. C. nd dealt with the art of public speaking. This work is clearly written in response to Platos condemnation of this art. Aristotle was primarily concerned with the rhetoric of public address is the civic life of Greece (Kennedy 7). He believed rhetoric could be divided into specific cases where different types of rhetoric strategies could be used. He called these strategies topoi. In Book Two of Rhetoric he lists tw enty-eight common topoi. He also addresses other rhetoric elements such as style, diction, metaphor, and arrangement, but basically ignored the other canons of rhetoric. In any case, this work was the first example of psychological rhetoric ever presented. One of the most notable concepts developed by Aristotle was the notion of pisteis, or proofs. He believed that there were three means in which persuasion could be accomplished in public address. Pisteis is divided into three sections: ethos, pathos, logos. Ethos is concerned with establishing the moral character of the rhetor. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience and logos is described as logical reasoning meant to engage the audience into the rhetors beliefs. Each of these three elements, though seperate, can be combined to elicit a maximum response from the audience. Aristotle was the first to analyze an argument in a logical, orderly manner. He did this by using enthymemes and syllogisms. He described a syllogism as a deductive argument consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion (319). The generic syllogism is as follows: If A belongs to all B, and B belongs to all C, then A belongs to all C. A syllogism, when used in rhetoric context, was called an enthymeme. An enthymeme is like a syllogism, except that its result is not new knowledge, but action (Brumbaugh 187). In an enthymeme the rhetor assumes that the audience is an active participant, will supply the missing part and be persuaded of the enthymemes truth by virtue of having participated in making it fully meaningful (Covino 48). Enthymemes and syllogisms, as you can see are very closely related. Through his many years of studying the elements of rhetoric, Aristotle developed a general definition that is still accepted today. He believed that is not to persuade but to see the available means of persuasion in each case (3). His Rhetoric expressed that rhetoric is a tool applicable to any subject and from the universality of its basic, organized concepts (Kennedy 309). It encompasses an extremely large territory and is the propery of no other discipline . . . It impinges on all areas of human concern (Winterowd 14). In this sense, he explained that even though all persuasive arguments are classified as rhetoric, each should be dealt with in its own case and individual of all other cases (14). It is Aristotle who first recognized the relationship between rhetoric and the various disciplines of the arts and sciences. He believed that rhetoric played a large part in every method of learning and there were specific tools which were essential to each type of study (Kennedy 12). Of these tool he felt that logic was one of the most important, if not the most important tool used in rhetoric thinking. Aristotle considered rhetoric a tool in argumentation, particularly the kind that arose in the courts and halls of government of his time. Since his lifetime the ideas of Aristotle have been carried on through the centuries and have remained a fixture in modern day theory. His interest in the logical, rational side of discourse remain with us today in many forms. For this reason it can be said with little argument that Aristotle is rhetoric. After his death, Aristotles words were perpetuated at the Perpatetic school by his loyal followers. Unfortunatley many of his ideas disappeared in Western philosophy between 500 and 1000 A. D. , but were preserved by Arabic and Syrian scholars which reintroduced Aristotle to the Western world between. Since this time, his ideas have been extremely influential in Western rhetoric analysis.